From what has been said, it must be clear that no one can

　　make very positive statements about how language originated.

　　There is no material in any language today and in the earliest （1） and→or

　　records of ancient languages show us language in a new and （2） show→showing

　　emerging state. It is often said, of course, that the language （3） the 删除

　　originated in cries of anger, fear, pain and pleasure, and the （4） and→but

　　necessary evidence is entirely lacking: there are no remote

　　tribes, no ancient records, providing evidence of

　　a language with a large proportion of such cries　（5） large→lager

　　than we find in English. It is true that the absence

　　of such evidence does not disprove the theory, but in　（6） in→on

　　other grounds too the theory is not very attractive.

　　　　People of all races and languages make rather similar

　　noises in return to pain or pleasure. The fact that　（7） return→response

　　such noises are similar on the lips of Frenchmen

　　and Malaysians whose languages are utterly different,

　　serves to emphasize on the fundamental difference　（8）on 删除

　　between these noises and language proper. We may

　　say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement

　　are largely reflex actions, instinctive to∧large extent, （9） ∧a

　　whereas language proper does not consist of signs

　　but of these that have to be learnt and that are　（10） these→those